Africa



** Essential Questions **:


 * How can political change cause conflict?
 * Political change causes conflict because sometimes some people don't agree with the change or with what is going on or when its change by force.


 * How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?
 * Because of how the people feel towards their homeland and in an empire it could cause conflict.


 * How can political relationships affect economic relationships?
 * Politics and economics work hand in hand. A change in one could bring a bad change in another one.


 * What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?
 * Making people feel at home or giving them what they want. Pretty much when people get along and feel welcomed, also when they can enjoy time together.


 * China was a thriving manufacturer power
 * Opium was something that China would buy
 * China gave up all sovereignty to Britain
 * European industrialization provided the mean
 * Africa had diseases of its own
 * Most fighting was done with swords
 * They had to wait colonize Africa until they had technological advances
 * Guns are what enabled Europeans to conquer Africa
 * The Africans fought back and it was hard to take them down
 * Europe could always rely on their military strength to control other countries
 * Resisting usually didn't work out well
 * Africans could successfully resist Britain.

Questions on map https://docs.google.com/document/d/1bPrytb7DpnQlFQ84dE-LiXvglrAelE_V6VEHx7zpXrk/edit

** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. ** ** By Karl Liebknecht **

To me this quote means that imperialism strikes upon the countries that are vulnerable to its interests. Many africans were killed, with maxim guns, it was a massacre, thousands of people were killed in hours. They are greedy and only care about themselves, they took people and left them nothing, like a vampire that sucks the blood from someone.

Mark Up https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ABIpma39J8iFDD0_6302fKrqhnFyYZVfngyNb1RuyZQ/edit

** Picture Detective **:


 * Ask a Question
 * What do you see (clues)
 * What is the message of the political cartoon?



Why does the basket on the left look like the people are laughing/smiling?

I see two men, both seem to be American, carrying baskets of people towards civilization, they have to pass by a lot and go through a lot in order to achieve their goal.

The message of this cartoon is based off of Social Darwinism, meaning the the people most fit and adapted will survive and actually make it to civilization.

=White mans burden questions:=

1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why?
 * The white mans burden was the american colonization and that what he wrote the poem towards.
 * The reward that the white man gets for carrying his burden is the blame of the ye guards and the cry of hosts ye humor.
 * He wrote this poem to the US imperialism. His audience probably didn't agree with it at the time because its a little insulting on them.
 * The line that I found most interesting is the third line when they say " Go send your sons to exile" and I think this was interesting because its so strong and it probably got to the audience and that was the point of this line.

=Black Mans Burden= This poem is the opposite as the other poem, the last four lines show they don't want them to come in and they're not going to just let them come in and take over, not without a fight.

5 Words 1. Agreement 2. Inconsiderate 3. Separation 4. Affective 5. Change 6. Social Darwinism

Document 1
 * " Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifferenceof those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it matteredthat has made it possible for evil to triumph."Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 **
 * This author is speaking in a viewpoint that believes that things could have been done differently, and that some of the actions should have been held off on, and that some should have acted in the first place because they didn't initially. Maybe events that have caused this author to regret something that has happened, or wish that something else had been done is what prompted him to say these things.
 * They may be making this statement in the event that they have regrets on things that have been done, and things that they wish could have happened differently, or been done.
 * This quote relates to imperialism in Africa, as it offers two different view points, one being wishing that they could have done something differently, or wishing that something different all together had been done. This is similar to the way that blacks feel towards their discrimination, as they wish they had done something differently or initially done something to stop it.

Document 2 **"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)**

Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.

I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do withtout safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.

// The author of this piece of evidence is Jules Ferry who was twice prime minister of France. His viewpoint is that it is the duty of the Europeans to colonize and bring Imperialism to these inferior or lower races, and that by doing this they are helping them. //

// His justifications are that the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery, and did not fulfill their duty as the higher race as Europe is going to do. //

// He might be giving this speech to convince the European people that taking over Africa and colonizing them will help them and will help Europe, and that it is the "generous" thing to do. //

// It tells that these races felt "superior" over others and believed that they thought they were helping these inferior races, when they were actually hurting them. //

Document 3 "The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982.Artists: Linley Sambourne




 * Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?
 * What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)
 * Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?
 * What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?


 * **Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?**

The political cartoon was published in London during 1892. The impact this might have is that it is going to show that imperialism is a good thing. Britain was for imperialism and the time this was published was when they were scrambling for Africa so the artist most likely believed that imperialism in Africa was a good ting since that was the goals of his country. The meaning of the title shows how Europe had basically total control over Africa. Cairo is all the way at the north of Africa and Cape Town is all the way at the south of Africa, and since the man is striding from one town to the other, it shows how the Europeans have a hold on all of Africa and they are controlling almost all of the nations in Africa, from north to south. Being depicted is Cecil Rhodes, a British man. What I see is the man, Africa, strings coming from his hands on each side, arms stretched out, a hat and a gun. The artist's viewpoint is that imperialism is a good thing and it is good that Europe had control over Africa. You can tell his because the man has his arms stretched out and looks as though he has just conquered something and is proud of it. He represents a European and showing how they took control over Africa and he agrees with that.
 * **What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)**
 * **Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?**
 * **What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?**

Document 4 "//**Moshweshewe: Letter ton Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**//.


 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**

The author of this letter is Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of Basutos. Hew is writing the letter because he wants to address the fact that the Europeans are taking over the land of Africa. His purpose is to explain how he did not understand the white men had this much power and he is upset with how they are going about colonizing the land.


 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

Document 5 ** Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896. ** So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.
 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**

They were treated as though they were slaves. They made the Africans carry their things, were overbearing, harmed the women, and shot them or fought against them.


 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**

They did not have the resources that the white people had. The whites had machine guns, big guns, and rifles that they used to take down the Africans. The Africans did not have this so they were unsuccessful, if they did have this, they may have made progress.

Document 6 ** Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. ** And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice
 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**

The author of this source is Mojimba, an African chief.


 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**

The British and white men were clearly the strongest in this battle. The white men had the Africans "dead, bleeding" and their village "plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies." The Africans were the weaker side and struggled fighting as their "brothers continued to fall."


 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**

The Chief's opinion of the British people is that they are "wicked" people and have "sickness in [their] heads." The Chief sees them as very bad people.

Document 7 ** Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906 **. The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.
 * **What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim**

The message is was trying to send was that the Africans are superstitious and believed that just taking a "medicine" would help them to be better and win. He claims how the people claimed that " a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man." Her then continues how the Africans believed that the medicine would give them "invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets."


 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**

I think the Africans made such claims because the Africans most likely held these beliefs in their culture. Their culture may have held these beliefs for years and years and years and it has been passed on. The Africans felt like the Europeans were taking them over, which they were, and most likely wanted to hold onto a piece of something that was theirs, such as the superstitious ideas